Overview For nearly four decades, Moscow-linked operators—from late–Soviet–era spies to today’s GRU and SVR–aligned teams—have used cyberspace to surveil, disrupt, and pressure European states that support Ukraine. Their campaigns range from classic espionage and supply-chain compromises to industrial sabotage, satellite comms takedowns, and mass-market hacktivist DDoS. Together, they form a through-line of “hybrid” power: cheap,...